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KIVA (software)
KIVA is a family of Fortran-based Computational Fluid Dynamics software developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The software predicts complex fuel and air flows as well as ignition, combustion, and pollutant-formation processes in engines. The KIVA models have been used to understand combustion chemistry processes, such as auto-ignition of fuels, and to optimize diesel engines for high efficiency and low emissions. General Motors has used KIVA in the development of direct-injection, stratified charge gasoline engines as well as the fast burn, homogeneous-charge gasoline engine.〔http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/success/modeling_combustion_processes.pdf〕 Cummins reduced development time and cost by 10%–15% using KIVA to develop its high-efficiency 2007 ISB 6.7-L diesel engine that was able to meet 2010 emission standards in 2007. At the same time, the company realized a more robust design and improved fuel economy while meeting all environmental and customer constraints.〔http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/adv_combustion_goals.pdf〕
==History==
LANL's Computational Fluid Dynamics expertise hails from the very beginning of the Manhattan Project in the 1940s. When the nation found itself in the midst of the first energy crisis in the 1970s, this core Laboratory capability transformed into KIVA, an internal combustion engine modeling tool designed to help make automotive engines more fuel-efficient and cleaner-burning. A "kiva" is actually a round Pueblo ceremonial chamber that is set underground and entered from above by means of a ladder through its roof; drawing on LANL's southwestern heritage, an analogy is made with the typical engine cylinder in which the entrance and exit of gases is achieved through valves set in the cylinder.〔Amsden, D. C., Amsden, and A. A., The KIVA Story: A Paradigm of Technology Transfer, IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication Journal, 36, (4), 190-195, December 1993〕
The first public release of KIVA was made in 1985 through the National Energy Software Center (NESC) at Argonne National Laboratory, which served at the time as the official distribution hub for Department of Energy-sponsored software. Distribution of KIVA continued through the Energy Science and Technology Software Center (ESTSC) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee until 2008, when distribution of multiple versions of KIVA returned to LANL's Technology Transfer Division (TT).〔http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/tt/pdf/techs/kiva.pdf〕 KIVA is used by hundreds of institutions worldwide, including the Big Three U.S. auto makers,〔〔http://www-personal.umich.edu/~hgim/PDF/CST06-KIVA.pdf〕 Cummins,〔 Caterpillar,〔http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/EE/286.pdf〕 and various federal laboratories.〔〔http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/merit_review_2011/adv_combustion/ace006_steeper_2011_o.pdf〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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